Home Asia Taiwan used to be home to a huge number of bears. No...

Taiwan used to be home to a huge number of bears. No one really knows how many are left

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Taipei, Taiwan (CNN) — In the foothills leading to Dasyueshan National Park in eastern Taiwan, Mei-Hsiu Hwang points to the pear, tea and betel nut plantations patchworking the slopes.

"All this used to be bear habitat," she says. In particular, the Formosan black bear, a large omnivore native to the high, clouded mountains that run down the spine of Taiwan.

Hwang, associate professor and director of the Institute of Wildlife Conservation at Taiwan's National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, is likely the world's foremost expert on this species.

But when she first started to study the huge mammals as part of her PhD in 1996, she says her friends and acquaintances reacted with shock.

"They'd say, 'Do we have bears in Taiwan? We never had bears. Do we still have bears?'" she recalls.

More than two decades later, the black bear is rapidly becoming a symbol for Taiwan.

The mascot of Taipei City is a black bear named "Bravo," who was present at celebrations on May 24, when Taiwan held Asia's first same-sex weddings.

Meanwhile, the island's now-defunct V Air Airline took its name from the distinctive white V shape on the black bear's chest.

But despite an increased profile, these animals are still in deep trouble, says Hwang. Classified as "endangered" by the Taiwan government, the species is being pushed to the brink of extinction by illegal hunting and land clearing.

Worse still, the relative rarity of these bears, combined with their dislike of humans, makes it almost impossible to know how many are left.

Hwang estimates there are between just 200 and 600 black bears over the entire island.

"If we cannot protect them, I don't believe we can protect anything else," says Hwang.

"Bears are a flagship species, they're big, like a star, like pandas, elephants and tigers. If a country cannot protect them, will you be able to protect other, smaller wildlife? I don't think so."

Forced into the mountains

Hwang has to travel hours up into the hills, far from Taiwan's towns and cities, to access the areas still inhabited by bears.

There are no official statistics from 100 years ago, before Taiwan's human population rapidly expanded, but Hwang says there are a large number of indigenous Taiwanese traditions relating to the bears that go back centuries.

05 Taiwan bears

Professor Mei-Hsiu Hwang and her assistant Wan-Ching Lin check bear camera traps high in the Taiwan mountains in May.

Ben Westcott/CNN

Even during Japanese occupation of the island in the early 20th century there were reports of bears being found as low as 100 meters above sea level. Now, Hwang says, they almost entirely live above 1,000 meters.

"At lower elevations, theoretically it would be good habitat, but (they're driven higher) because of all the human disturbances — mining, recreation, a lot of people activity," she says.

The bears are primarily omnivorous, with their diet consisting mainly of fruits, nuts and berries. They scrounge over a massive habitat measuring hundreds of square kilometers. Unlike other large bears, they don't hibernate.

The Formosan black bear is a subspecies of the Asian black bear, which can be found across East and Southeast Asia, including in Japan, Thailand and South Korea.

Taipei mascot Bravo helped celebrate Taiwan's first same-sex marriages on May 24.

Taipei mascot Bravo helped celebrate Taiwan's first same-sex marriages on May 24.

Ben Westcott/CNN

The entire species is marked as "vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, but Hwang says it hasn't attracted as much attention as other more eye-catching animals, such as pandas or Asian elephants.

In fact, the lack of interest to protect the bears that she faced when she started working with them made her furious.

"It is a shame for Taiwanese people," says Hwang. "I feel ashamed, how come they're endangered and they're still treated this way."

Hunted for meat and medicine

While habitat loss has been hard on the bears, the biggest threat to Taiwan's largest mammal is illegal hunting.

Over recent decades, there's been a growing, lucrative trade in bear parts — bear meat for the black market and bones, gallbladders and paws for traditional Chinese medicine.

In the past there were strict taboos among indigenous Taiwanese about hunting bears. If you killed one, Hwang says, some tribes even isolated you out of fear you would bring bad luck back to the village.

The dense, mountainous forests in eastern Taiwan make up a large part of the bears' native habitat.

The dense, mountainous forests in eastern Taiwan make up a large part of the bears' native habitat.

Ben Westcott/CNN

But now, a black bear corpse can be worth as much as $5,000 to a hunter. Studies around Yushan National Park prior to the 1980s found 22% of the area's bears were killed for their meat and body parts. By the 1990s, this had soared to 59%.

Hwang says the solution lies in education. If the market for bear parts and meat can be ended by raising consumer awareness, the animals can be saved.

"If there is no market demand, I believe this will lead to less bear killing. This surely will help," she says.

A sign in Taiwan's Dasyueshan National Park warns hikers and tourists to watch out for bears.

A sign in Taiwan's Dasyueshan National Park warns hikers and tourists to Read More – Source

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