The US may stop aid payments to Palestinians who are "no long willing to talk peace", President Trump said.
On Twitter, Mr Trump said the United States received "no appreciation or respect" in return for its aid.
He also said his controversial recognition of the contested city of Jerusalem as Israel's capital took the hugely divisive issue "off the table" for new peace talks.
Palestinians had said the move showed the US could not be a neutral broker.
The decision in December was also overwhelmingly condemned at the United Nations, where 128 countries voted against Mr Trump's fulfilment of a campaign promise.
What did President Trump say?
The US President was tweeting a follow-up to earlier comments about aid payments to Pakistan, in which he said the US has received only "lies and deceit" in exchange for billions of dollars in aid.
"It's not only Pakistan that we pay billions of dollars to for nothing," the president began his tweet on Tuesday evening.
"As an example, we pay the Palestinians hundred of millions of dollars a year and get no appreciation or respect. They don't even want to negotiate a long overdue peace treaty with Israel," he said.
Skip Twitter post by @realDonaldTrump
It's not only Pakistan that we pay billions of dollars to for nothing, but also many other countries, and others. As an example, we pay the Palestinians HUNDRED OF MILLIONS OF DOLLARS a year and get no appreciation or respect. They don’t even want to negotiate a long overdue…
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) January 2, 2018
End of Twitter post by @realDonaldTrump
Skip Twitter post 2 by @realDonaldTrump
…peace treaty with Israel. We have taken Jerusalem, the toughest part of the negotiation, off the table, but Israel, for that, would have had to pay more. But with the Palestinians no longer willing to talk peace, why should we make any of these massive future payments to them?
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) January 2, 2018
End of Twitter post 2 by @realDonaldTrump
"We have taken Jerusalem, the toughest part of the negotiation, off the table, but Israel, for that, would have had to pay more.
"But with the Palestinians no longer willing to talk peace, why should we make any of these massive future payments to them?"
What have the Palestinians said to anger the US?
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Jerusalem is one of the world's most contested sites.
Israel claims the whole of the city as its capital. The Palestinians want East Jerusalem, occupied by Israel in the 1967 Middle East war, to be the capital of a future Palestinian state.
Mr Trump, however, decided to formally recognise Jerusalem as Israel's capital, despite being warned it could cause unrest in the region.
He also said he would move the US embassy there from Tel Aviv, where all other nations have their consulates.
After the announcement, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas said he would no longer accept any proposals from Mr Trump's government.
"The United States has proven to be a dishonest mediator in the peace process," he said.
He also called Jerusalem the "eternal capital of the state of Palestine".
What kind of aid does the US send to Palestinians?
Mr Trump's tweets followed remarks from Nikki Haley, the US envoy to the United Nations, in which she said the US would stop contributing to the UN's relief agency for Palestinian refugees.
The agency runs education, health, and social programmes. The United States is its largest governmental donor, handing over almost $370m (£270m) in 2016.
Speaking at a news conference, Ms Haley said: "The President has basically said that he doesn't want to give any additional funding, or stop funding, until the Palestinians are agreeing to come back to the negotiation table."
She said the UN's vote to condemn Mr Trump's Jerusalem decision was "not helpful to the situation".
"The Palestinians now have to show their will that they want to come to the table. As of now, they're not coming to the table but they asked for aid.
"We're not giving the aid, we're going to make sure that they come to the table," she said.
The withdrawal of aid is likely to have a significant impact on the UN agency's work, as the US contributes almost 30% of its overall funding.
In 2016, the second-largest donor, the European Union, donated less than half as much as the US.
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